A history of techno

Black American music, built from cheap discontinued Japanese drum machines and European synthesiser records, in a city whose industry was collapsing.

Techno was made in Detroit in the early 1980s, named on a British compilation in 1988, and rebuilt in Berlin after the Wall came down. These six pages follow it from the machines that made it possible to the argument, still running, about who it belongs to.

The six eras

1970–1981

Roots

Before techno had a name, its raw material was assembled in Düsseldorf, Munich, Tokyo and New York: the drum machine, the sequencer, and the idea that a machine could keep time better than a band.

1981–1988

Detroit

Three friends from the suburbs of Detroit built a music out of imported European electronics and local radio, and in 1988 a British compilation gave it a name.

1988–1993

Rave

Detroit records met British acid house and Belgian new beat, and what had been a studio music became a mass movement held in fields, warehouses and, eventually, courtrooms.

1989–1996

Berlin

A city with a hole in the middle of it and no functioning licensing regime turned abandoned East Berlin real estate into the most consequential club scene in Europe.

1990–2000

Second wave and minimal

Detroit's next generation reclaimed the music as political, and at the same time producers on both sides of the Atlantic began stripping it down to almost nothing.

2000–present

Modern techno

Cheap software, the collapse of vinyl economics, the rise of Berghain, and a festival circuit that turned a warehouse music into a global industry.

Where to start

If you want the origin story, read Detroit — it covers the Belleville Three, the labels they founded, and the 1988 compilation that supplied the name.

If you want dates rather than argument, the timeline lists the moments the six articles hang on.